Marketing management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Advertising the board - Essay Example In UK, each other individual claims a versatile. The possibility of cell-based versatile radio help was detailed in the United States at Bell Labs in the mid 1970s. Be that as it may, the Nordic nations were the first to present cell administrations for business use with the presentation of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) in 1981. Cell frameworks started in the United States with the arrival of the propelled cell phone administration (AMPS) framework in 1983. Since its presentation during the 80s, the phone’s place in the market created from a minority, concentrated thing to a basic product. Worldwide System for Mobile correspondence (GSM) is an all inclusive acknowledged standard for advanced cell correspondence. GSM is the name of a normalization bunch set up in 1982 to make a typical European cell phone standard that would detail determinations for a dish European portable cell radio framework working at 900 MHz. It is assessed that numerous nations outside of Europe will join the GSM association. GSM administration is utilized by more than 2 billion individuals across in excess of 212 nations and domains. In the course of the most recent two decades there has been a development in versatile innovation with a critical decrease in the working expense. The portable phones’ attractiveness isn't a short-term achievement yet rather a methodical transformative turn of events. Directly, the world is on third era on portable framework. The first era framework was the underlying stage which depended on simple innovation. The second era is ordered by the computerized innovation, which incorporates global meandering, portable fax, phone message and SMS. The current framework gives more extensive data transfer capacity administrations to the clients. Presently they offer types of assistance and applications that are encouraged by PCs. It is all the more simple and in vogue to take your cell phones on meetings than a PC, which was utilized in yesteryears. Cell phones currently accompany

Why Employees Resist Organizational Change Essay

Why Employees Resist Organizational Change - Essay Example They dread that they probably won't have the option to accomplish as much in the new arrangement as they did in the bygone one. 2. So as to acknowledge the change and work as per it, individuals need to come out of their customary range of familiarity that they have created in the old setting. A great many people would not do that cheerfully, and would in this manner oppose change. 3. The change may not continually carry advantages to each person that structures some portion of the association. In such cases, individuals whose positions are as a rule contrarily influenced by the execution of the change will in general think of it as troublesome and absolutely pointless. To them, if the change isn't gainful for them, it isn't advantageous for any other person. Truth be told, such workers don't see things in the master plan. 5. In the old arrangement, workers create emotionally supportive networks, which they can depend on in intense occasions. On the off chance that the workplace is transforms, they may lose their emotionally supportive networks and be presented to more difficulties. They are hesitant to work under new managers on new activities with new associates since they would have nobody to help them on the off chance that they fizzle. 6. Numerous workers will in general have shut personalities after they have made their brain. The raw numbers of the supporting documentation relating to the change confound these workers. They keep a â€Å"No way† reaction to any procedure that is proposed by the administration for the execution of progress. 7. Representatives are conditional to check out to the new work schedules and are reluctant to learn new things. They are arrogant and imagine that they realize an excessive amount to know anything new. Such workers decay the organization’s capacity to develop with the new information. Their self-awareness is likewise confined by their willfulness. 9. Change is new, so it is stood up to. Close to 66.5 percent of the representatives were seen as mindful of the progressions being executed in a study (Peter Barron Stark Companies, n.d.). Their absence of adequate

The Role Of The Police Criminology Essay

The Role Of The Police Criminology Essay Jobs are dictated by social relations, which are administered by specific standards, furthermore being contained propensities, jobs are comprised of commitments and duties as well as of rights and benefits. Since a degree of significance is agreed to specific jobs, the individuals who involve them must know about and be focused on what the jobs request of them (Kleinig, 1996). In this manner, where police is concerned, their jobs to implement the law and keep up open request, and they ought to be focused on them. The police are the significant law authorization organization what's more endeavor wrongdoing control, they give 24-hour crisis administration and furthermore give a generally useful social help (Morgan Newburn, 1998). Since the obligations of the cops are different, as they even incorporate social assistance, regardless of whether they are speculative because of absence of preparing in that specific office, four models have been proposed by Kleinig (1996) in order to give a comprehension of the jobs and job clashes of the cops. They are the Crime-contender, the Emergency Operator, the Social Enforcer and the Social Peace-manager. 2.1.1 The Crime-warrior This model, bolstered by the implicit agreement hypothesis, has genuine downsides as it eclipses the primary job of the police and it renders police morals negligible. Cops wrongdoing contender mode has a dualistic supposition on society. This polarity prompts the categorisation of individuals into two gatherings by the cop. It keeps the official from having a fair judgment and from making the qualification between wrongdoings, for instance, shop-lifting and assault; and develops the propensity to be estranged from the populace, with perspectives like us and them (Kleinig, 1996). This model is mainstream among cops since they have come to accept that their endurance in the law authorization relies upon their ability to control wrongdoing (Morgan Newburn, 1998). In any case, cops should understand that by accentuating a lot on the implementation of law, that is, battling wrongdoing, they are overlooking one key part of policing, which is to be of administration to the general population (Morgan Newburn, 1998). 2.1.2 The Emergency Operator A 24-hour administration is given by the police, in light of the fact that as indicated by the crisis administrator model, the police need to react immediately to the calls of help of everybody. As crisis administrators, these officials need to react to different cases, running from surprising labors, family battles, street mishaps, plastered battles in the night, to the intermittent occurrences of wrongdoings (Morgan Newburn, 1998). 2.1.3 The Social Enforcer As indicated by Bittner (1967): The job of the police is to address a wide range of human issues when and to the extent that the issues arrangement may require the utilization of power at the purpose of event. One of the center parts of policing is the utilization of intimidation to authorize the law and to keep up open request, and as expressed by Bittner, it is the binding together element of police work and the wellspring of power (Kleinig, 1996). To guarantee swarm control and for peacekeeping purposes, coercive forces are required, just as to finish family questions and different encounters. Be that as it may, the job of the police doesn't spin exclusively around the forces of pressure however administration to the residents is similarly significant if not more. Additionally, most of the open discover the police scaring and not all circumstances request the utilization of power. In this way, a model which accommodates the job of upholding the law of cops with the desires for general society is required. 2.1.4 The Social Peacekeeper As said by Kleinig (1996) the social peacekeeper model obliges all the more relevantly the different assignments of the cop. This model stresses the job of the wrongdoing contender and the crisis administrator. In spite of the fact that the model gives cops the power to utilize coercive power, more accentuation is laid upon the compliant character of policing. Studies have demonstrated that peacekeeping is the essential capacity of the police (Morgan Newburn, 1998). However, note that battling wrongdoing and guaranteeing harmony and request in a general public isn't the obligation of the police yet of the residents too in light of the fact that as they are a piece of the general public, they additionally have the obligation towards it, and they likewise ought to be focused on it. 2.2 Ethics in Policing Police capacities have existed as long as human social orders have existed (Kleinig, 1996) as the primary precept basic police lead and police morals are, initially the regard for human pride and human rights and also, regard for the lawful guideline and the rule of lawfulness. It is urgent that implementing law and keeping up open request must be harmonious with deference for the human individual (Domingue, 2003). As indicated by Sunahara (2002), conversations on morals involves conversations on connections, hence, any conversations on connections is additionally equal of conversations about the connection between the police and people in general. In any event, during capture, detainment and cross examination of suspects, support of moral principles is a significant method. That is the reason the regard for human rights is the center guideline of moral policing, and policing in a majority rule government must be grounded on the assent of the populace (Domingue, 2003). Since law authorization is a calling, morals and moral lead assume a significant job. Morals and moral norms include making the best choice at the perfect time in the correct manner for the correct explanation (Grant, 2002). To pick up the regard of general society, cops must carry on effectively all the time both on the job and off the clock. As indicated by the police code of morals, an officials central obligations are to serve the network, to ensure individuals and property the same, to secure the guiltless against trickery, the powerless against mistreatment or terrorizing, and the quiet against savagery or confusion; and regard the protected privileges of all to freedom, fairness and equity. The code of morals additionally expresses that officials must keep their hidden lives clean and perceive the identification and the uniform as an image of open confidence and trust (Grant, 2002). Except if they are tried, these codes of morals are simple words. The codes of morals ought to have a similar incentive for the cops as the hallowed writings for the strict people. What is basic is that cops should act fair-mindedly, look after secrecy, utilize attentiveness, use power just when essential and in particular cops ought to have respectability. In a perfect world, by sticking to the sets of principles, the officials will pla y out their obligations accurately, as indicated by methodology, and at last, nobody, neither the media nor the open will discolor the picture of the police; yet as a general rule this isn't what occurs. Given the idea of the police work, the general population has an unmistakable fascination for it on the grounds that policing resembles an ethical cauldron wherein the dangers taken by the police and the possibilities for moral activities are amplified (Cohen Feldberg, 1991). This investigation for the sake of the overall population is most likely because of the way that the cops are the watchmen of peace in a law based society. Each unfortunate behavior or error is exacerbated by the overall population in light of the fact that the last believes that cops ought to be the mainstays of ethical quality. In addition, it is commonly anticipated that officials, with no time for contemplating, should act rapidly and unhesitatingly in circumstances where the result isn't promptly envisioned (Cohen Feldberg, 1991). In any case, one ought not expect police morals to describe an unmistakable sort of morals, yet rather to be the declaration of an increasingly broad morals inside the police setting. The moral requests on police under which all are set, by excellence of regular mankind, they are requests shaded by the particular jobs that the police have and formed by the conditions under which they should choose (Kleinig, 1996). 2.3 Ethical Issues looked by the Police Force For a target concentrate on police aberrance, it is important to characterize the term abnormality. In basic terms, abnormality is characterized as conduct which is very surprising from or inadmissible by the standards and measures of society. Be that as it may, given the multifaceted nature and the scope of standards and qualities influencing the police, the investigation of aberrance inside the police requests a comprehension of the distinction in standards communicated at the lawful, authoritative, and inner levels (Kappeler, Sluder Alport, 1998). The disclosure of police aberrance is practically hard to recognize, however there exist some commonly adequate guidelines which assess the worthiness of conduct. There are two gatherings of moral guidelines which administer the police lead, the primary gathering being the outer norms which include: sacred, criminal and common laws. The outside norms apply to both the police and the overall population. The second arrangement of gauges is inward principles, which are the departmental approaches, systems, and guidelines, and apply exclusively to the police (Kappeler et al., 1998). Be that as it may, in spite of the presence of rules and laws overseeing police aberrance, degenerate cops are a reality which can't be disregarded. When there are these sorts of events, the reactions are fairly negative, contingent upon who found the deviant(s). On a first level, contingent upon the gravity of the demonstration, the official should be authorized; furthermore, if the freak conduct has been found by an individual from the press, at that point most likely the issue would be made a huge deal about in order to render the data thrilling, and thirdly, there would be a reduction in trust for the police by the overall population (Kappeler et al., 1998). Before setting out on the various sorts of abnormality, it is essential to comprehend the order of the types of offense. Accor

The movie Forrest Gump - Free Essay Example

The movie Forrest Gump, played by Tom Hanks, tells of a tender hearted, IQ challenged person, who experiences great achievements throughout the latter half of the 20th century. It utilizes historical fiction to capture the essence of the age and mood of the events it covers. Forrest was born right before the end of World War II in 1944. He lives throughout the movie in the Cold War era. It occurs during a time of turmoil in America, with the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War. Both of these events portray the rebellious atmosphere in America. Forrest Gump portrays significant events from the 1940s to 1980s, the accuracy of which, despite minor mistakes, helps the audience understand the American mood of the era. In the movie Forrest claims his mother named him after Civil war hero, Nathan Bedford Forrest. In a notorious incident in 1864, 200 of 262 black soldiers died when southern troops under the command of Nathan B. Forrest overran Fort Pillow in Tennessee. (Foner 416) In the movie Forrest tells about this mans association with the Klu Klux Klan. Nathan B. Forrest is known for his prominent involvement in the KKK and one of the first Wizards of the Klan. Race was not a huge subject in the movie, as the main character treated all races equally. The first involvement of race relations within the film, took place as Forrest was attending Alabama University to play football. The movie shows the day that the University desegregated and for the very first time allowed black students to attend. Forrest sees a group of students protesting and decides to see whats going on. Vivian Malone Jones and James A. Hood were the first two African American students to attend the University. Forrest with his tender heart and low IQ, notices one of the black students had dropped her book and he gladly returns it to her in front of the hostile, white, crowd. The part of picking up her book was not really part of history, but it shows the tone and mood of the campus on that day in history. Forrest Gump enlists in the army where he is sent to boot camp and then on to Vietnam to fight on the front line. Vietnam was one of the most controversial wars ever fought. Many people were against the war and believed we were only sending soldiers to their death. Opposition to the war became the organizing theme that united people with all kinds of doubts and discontents. (Foner, 796) By 1967, young men were burning their draft cards or fleeing to Canada to avoid fighting in what they considered an unjust war. (Foner, 796) The Black Panther Party was an African American revolutionary leftist organization. They believed in preventing racism against blacks and that all blacks deserved to be treated equally with whites. The movie portrayed the Black Panther Partys military view by showing them dressed in military uniforms. Most prominent of the new groups, in terms of publicity, if not numbers, was the Black Panther Party. It became notorious for advocating armed self-defense in response to police brutality. (Foner 789) In the movie Forrest witnesses the Watergate Scandal, but believes someone is breaking into the Presidents office and calls the police. This is quite comical as this really did happen. In June 1972, five former employees of Nixons reelection committee took part in a break-in at Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex in Washington D.C. A security guard called police, who arrested the intruders. (Foner 818) In conclusion, I believe the Forrest Gump movie is basically an accurate representation of the history during the Cold War era. It was funny, entertaining and yet gave you a glimpse into history. The director used many key aspects, such as how Forrest got his name, accurate television clips from history and special effects used throughout the movie. The movie gave a pretty accurate description and helped the audience visualize and feel the emotional state of America at this time.

Taking a Look at Gender Norms - 962 Words

GENDER NORMS The term â€Å"gender† is often used interchangeably with â€Å"sex†. The distinction should be made between gender and biological sex. (Antai, 2012). The US Institute of Medicine in 2001 offered recommendations on these terminologies. (Wizemann Pardue 2001). They referred to sex as a classification, â€Å"generally as male or female, according to the reproductive organs and functions that derive from the chromosomal complement†. (Wizemann Pardue 2001, p.5).They also suggest that gender should refer to a â€Å"person’s self-representation as male or female or how that person is responded to by social institutions on the basis of the individual’s gender presentation† (Wizemann Pardue 2001, p.5). Implied in this definition of gender is that people perceive or present themselves in a specific way, and that this is the driving force behind how people are treated. Some researchers subscribe to gender as being derived from socially constructed norms (Lorber 2002 Mason 1995). These schools of thought believe that individuals’ gender identification and gender presentations arise due to social pressures, which, in turn are entrenched in gendered social order (Lorber 2002). In this social construct view, a society differentiates people into male and female categories, giving rise to gender systems. These gender systems operate on multiple levels. These levels, which support and maintain each other, include the individual social status, the relational factor, an organizationalShow MoreRelatedGender Roles And Gender Norms Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pageswe also learn how the society’s rules and norms that we live in. An example is when children introduced to certain roles that are linked to their biological sex, teaching how a child how a man and woman should behave. When a child is born, parents would typically dress their child accor ding to their sex. If it is a boy, he is dressed in blue, and if it is a girl, she is dressed in pink. In our society, these roles given to us are mainly based on gender norms and standards. It is known that masculineRead MoreGender Roles From An Early Age899 Words   |  4 Pagesbehave, and look. Children learn gender roles from an early age, from their parents and family, their religion, and their culture, as well as the outside world, including television, magazines, and other media. A popular TV show called The Middle, tells the story of a working-class family in the U.S, following the daily life of a mother named Frankie who, alongside her husband, Hank, raise their three kids, Axl, Sue, and Brick. While The Middle is a modern family show, the gender norms and familyRead MoreDoes Mulan Overthrow Oppressive Gender Norms?1308 Words   |  6 PagesMulan overthrow oppressive gender norms? In 1990, a novel was written by philosopher Judith Butler titled Gender Trouble. The importance of this novel was evident as it was a very controversial yet interesting analysis of the way we humans look at the topic of gender and sex. She explains throughout the book that our gender norms have been created by our ancestors and society. To many, crossing this boundary set by society is very deviant. Eight years after Gender Trouble was written, DisneyRead MoreGender Norms And Female Deviance Essay1250 Words   |  5 PagesNorms in society are the expectations of actions in specific situations. Social norms keep human social relations and behavior stable. Norms are â€Å"rules† that have developed within a particular society taking into account its values, culture and way of living. Sometimes, it is even the case that individuals do not have a choice and rarely recognize that fact that social norms have arbitrary origins because they have experienced this during the ongoing pr ocess of living (Clinard and Meyer 2011:10)Read MoreAnalysis Of A Rose For Emily By William Faulkner949 Words   |  4 PagesThese stories were interesting reads. It shows the norm of gender roles back then. And they were somewhat accurate. My bosses are both female, and if I would have said that back in the day, it would have been blasphemous. The majority of us, mostly the younger generation, look back on gender roles and see the way women were treated and we think it’s awful. But back then; men didn’t see it as a problem. It was normal to them. The reason why I enjoyed both of these stories was because it opened myRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Sexing The Cherry By Jeanette Winterson1133 Words   |  5 PagesSexing the Cherry, Jeanette Winterson cautions her readers that the constructs of â€Å"truths† are created to confine the normality of identity based on dominant norms in order to question and change these norms into those fitting of a society based o n freedom and equality. Winterson illustrates that such concepts as the constraints of traditional gender roles, the hierarchy of religion and the involvement of traumatic events contribute to the danger of these supposed â€Å"inherent truths† that create what weRead MoreThe Is A Political Drama Series That Revolves Around Its Main Aspects Of An Archetypal Antihero1667 Words   |  7 Pagesof morals and manipulative ways. As the female antihero, â€Å"Olivia embodies many of the key aspects of an archetypal antihero and exemplifies this character type to great success† (Gallagher, n.d.). She has become an example of our society’s view of gender relations and sexuality in American popular culture. The scene that I chose to focus on for a current form of popular culture is from the episode, â€Å"Even the Devil Deserves a Second Chance† in Season 5. Prior to the actual scene being analyzed, OliviaRead MoreGender Roles And Expectations : A Streetcar Named Desire 1096 Words   |  5 PagesGender Equality in Our Society Gender roles and expectations have a lot of impacts on our society and it needs to be changed in order to create a better civilisation. Although our society has ameliorated tremendously in the past years, there are still some discriminatory actions among genders that are affecting someone s life negatively. Any remaining differential between genders need to be changed for a better moral standard of living. The Impacts of gender roles and expectations can be seenRead MoreThe Tribe, Michael Mohammad Ahmad And Lucy Treloar1501 Words   |  7 PagesMichael Mohammad Ahmad and Lucy Treloar in ‘Salt Creek’ show a major role in their lives through their perspective in recognising gender norms in The Tribe and historical narratives in Salt Creek. In contrast, the difference between gender norms and historical narratives is that gender norms are what men or women are determined to do because of their sex body parts. Gender norm contain a variety of behaviours, beliefs, values and traditions based on the knowledge of what men and women think they shouldRead MoreThe Exploration Of Violating Female Gender Norms Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pages Doing Gender: The Exploration of Violating Female Gender Norms’ Traits of Passive and Dependent Behavior Solla Park 1001343361 Gender and Society SOC265H1F Assignment 1 As societal human beings, we are constantly immersed in a world of gender norms. Gender norms are behaviors that include ways of speaking, ways of presentation, and even types of body language that are associated with certain genders, typically to the resilient two-category system of men and women

Art Psychotherapy Group Dynamics Essays - 2371 Words

One of the many significant concepts of group dynamics that I found to be the most interesting is the idea of how any and all aspects of the group process has the natural ability to bring up all the past relatable experiences of each individual group member. I found this to be very true on so many levels within each session, process and the overall development of the group. It has personally been meaningful to view the life of a group as a story with a beginning, middle and end—simply a process of constantly moving succession of moments. Seeing it in this manner then makes perfect sense that every story will remind us of all past stories and that every parts of the story will remind us of all the parts of past stories. With all of this in†¦show more content†¦I can now see the underlying significance and purpose behind yearbooks and the influence that this annual festivity may have on each individual child and adolescent, but also the â€Å"school-attending groupâ₠¬  as a whole in terms of closure. In relation to group dynamics, the yearbook can be seen as the school’s way of addressing â€Å"the end† as Yalom (2005) describes, â€Å"Pain over the loss of the group is dealt with in part by a sharing of past experiences: exciting and meaningful past group events are remembered; members remind one another of the way they are then† (p.390). The ‘Positive Me’ exercise not only allowed members to give and receive feedback to and from each other, but it also gave each person a souvenir or memorabilia-like gift—something concrete to take away with them as a reminder of this particular group experience. It also served as a great â€Å"warm-up† and transition into the process of using the creative modality to address and experience the closing phase of our group development. Our final art therapy experience began with each member choosing out one of the 19 cut out pieces of yellow paper laid out on the floor to draw on. The instruction was then to use the art materials (crayons, pastels and markers) to express â€Å"who you are in this group†. Even though I was fully participating as opposed to observing or ‘fishbowling’, I briefly checked in with the group from time to time on aShow MoreRelatedThe Long Term Goals Of The Family1156 Words   |  5 Pagesfamily therapy, art therapy, music therapy, individual therapy, and psychotherapy. It could be really beneficial for each member to attend some sort of individual therapy and then for the family to attend group therapy. Specifically in Pat’s case, music therapy and psychotherapy will be important. According to Carson and Yambor (2012), â€Å"psychotherapy, or talk therapy, is an essential component of treatment.† This study goes on to explain that there are four component s of psychotherapy—cognitive behavioralRead MoreImprovitional Theater: Saturday Night Live Essay1492 Words   |  6 Pagesoutsiders to the art form, of the fact that improvisation is much more serious that just telling jokes. Those that practice and perform, the insiders, learn that this branch of performing arts is much bigger than humor. The insiders acknowledge that there is humor in the reality, honesty, connectivity of a scene or story, but these people know that improvisation is a personally and collectively beneficial and inter-professional discipline. Improvisational theater is a branch of performing arts that focusesRead MoreGroup Therapy For Treatment Of Psychological Issues954 Words   |  4 PagesGroups Reflection Peg Michaels Walden University Groups Reflection Through research, group therapy has been proven to be as cost affective and therapeutically beneficial as individual therapy for treatment of psychological issues (Corey, Corey Corey, 2010). For counselors to appropriately facilitate many types of group therapy they need to develop certain skills. These skills can be learned through cross training. Some counselors may find they only like to facilitate certain types of groupsRead MoreEssay on Creating an Effective Group Therapy Environment for Adults1343 Words   |  6 PagesGroup therapy is an important method that is commonly used by psychiatric professionals in the treatment of many types of mental illnesses. They consist of three or more people and are targeted at promoting psychological development and change. There are three different types of groups. The task group works by using tasks, such as activities and techniques, designed to help clients work toward desired goals. In addition, midrange groups work by allowing client s to share their thoughts and feelingsRead MoreWhat Makes Filmmakers Learn From Alice s Wonderland?907 Words   |  4 Pagesis an affirmation of the triumph of the human spirit! Meet Jimmy, one of the nation s finest poets! There will be a book signing after seminar. Hildegard will discuss her filmmaking process.Whatever Comes Next is a story about the curious and dynamic life of 89-year old Annemarie Mahler, an artist and writer .What do the artistic process and life have in common? Meet Krystyna, almost blind, 90years old, and lives in a tiny apartment surrounded by books and writing pads. Nothing can stop thisRead More Clinical Psychology Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pagesthe study of behavior (Plante, 2011, p. 27). Therefore, most present-day clinical psychologists consider human behavioral problems from many aspects. History Clinical psychology has evolved over the past 60 years into a dynamic field separated in specialty by age group of clients and different schools of thought or theoretical approaches to practicing clinical psychology. Beginning after World War II, when veterans were returning from war by the thousands with various psychological issues, psychiatristsRead MorePsychology : A Profession And A Science1525 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology is both a profession and a science. As a profession, it is concerned with foreseeing how individuals will act, helping individuals to modify their behaviour and helping associations, groups and societies change. Then again as a science psychology is the investigation of how individuals see (Super Super, 2009). A percentage of the psychological professions include clinical psychology, counseling psychology, health psychology, forensic psychology, social psychology etc. (Keether MorganRead More Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Post Traumatic Stress Disorde r in Children1767 Words   |  8 Pagestherapeutic methods to treat children with PTSD increases the argument among clinicians about the most effective treatment for PTSD. The clinical literature describes a wide variety of interventions besides CBT including, psychoanalytic techniques, creative arts, play therapy, crisis intervention, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and pharmacotherapy; which raises the question about what could be the most effective treatment for children with PTSD (Cohen, Mannarino Rogal 2001). Several of theseRead MoreBereavement As A Woman Of Color Strength Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesLisa’s struggles with her intersectionality as a woman (biracial). The author illustrate the process of Lisa working to overcome trauma-related stressors. Reading Discussion: Victim-Victimizer-Bystander Dynamics In regards to Basham (2016) and Byers (2016) I viewed victim-victimizer-bystander dynamics useful for understanding psychological and social aspects of Lisa’s case. Analyzing Lisa’s case Byers (2016) discuss bullying, cyber bullying and trauma in an intersubjective field that builds on theRead MoreThe Benefits Of Music Therapy Essay1342 Words   |  6 PagesMusic therapy, a clinical use of music interventions to accomplish therapeutic goals, involves a broad range of activities including playing an instrument, singing, or listening to music. Similar to occupational and physical therapy, this expressive arts therapy remedies psychological conditions, such as depression, anxiety, or hypertension to maintain the well-being of an individual. Likewise, music has been a therapeutic tool that has shown positive effects to parts of the brain including regions

Isolation of Casein from Milk free essay sample

Isolation of Casein from Milk In this experiment, casein was isolated from milk by means of isoelectric precipitation. A percent yield of % was obtained by the group. Introduction Milk is an opaque white or bluish-white liquid secreted by the mammary glands of female mammals, serving for the nourishment of their young. This liquid, as secreted by cows, goats or certain other animals are used by humans as food and as a source of dairy products such as cheese and butter. Milk composition differs widely among species. Factors causing these variances include: the type of protein; the proportion f protein, fat, and sugar; the levels of various vitamins and minerals; and the size of the butterfat globules, and the strength of the curd. On average, cow milk contains 3. 4% protein, 3. 6% fat, and 4. 6% lactose, 0. 7% minerals and supplies 66 kcal of energy per 100 grams. Bovine milk normally contains 30-35 grams of protein per liter. Of which, 80% is arranged in casein micelles. We will write a custom essay sample on Isolation of Casein from Milk or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Figure 1 . Model of Casein Supramolecule Containing a fairly high number of proline residues, which do not interact and no disulfide bridges, casein has, as a result, relatively minimal tertiary structure. It is omparatively hydrophobic, resulting to its poor solubility in water. Showing only limited resemblance with surfactant-type micellae in a sense that the hydrophilic parts reside at the surface and are spherical, casein is found in milk as a suspension of particles called casein micelles. On the other hand, the interior of a casein micelle is highly hydrated. The caseins in the micelles are held together by calcium ions and hydrophobic interactions. Caseins isolelectric point is 4. 6. It has a negative. The isoelectric point (p) is the pH of a solution at which the net primary charge of a rotein becomes zero. At a solution pH that is above the pl the surface of the protein is predominantly negatively charged and therefore like-charged molecules will exhibit repulsive forces. Likewise, at a solution pH that is below the p, the surface of the protein is predominantly positively charged and repulsion between proteins occurs. However, at the pl the negative and positive charges cancel, repulsive electrostatic forces are reduced and the attraction forces predominate. The attraction forces will cause aggregation and precipitation. The pl of most proteins is in the pH range of 4-6. Mineral acids, such as hydrochloric and sulfuric acid are used as precipitants. The greatest disadvantage to isoelectric point precipitation is the irreversible denaturation caused by the mineral acids. For this reason isoelectric point precipitation is most often used to precipitate contaminant proteins, rather than the target protein. The precipitation of casein during cheesemaking, or during production of sodium caseinate, is an isoelectric precipitation. tive charge in milk since milks pH is 6. 6. 1 Results and Discssion Casein was isolated from milk by means of isoelectric precipitation. A percent yield of % was obtained by the group. Table 1 presents the data and results obtained from the experiment which includes: (1) the weight of powdered milk, (2) the initial pH, (3) the tinal pH, (4) the volume ot the acetic acid used, (5) the weight ot casein and 6 percent yield. In order to compute for the percent yield, the weight of the isolated casein was divided by the weight of the powdered milk, and then multiplied by 100%. Data and Results Values weight of powdered milk initial pH final pH olume of the acetic acid used weight of casein percent yield Table 1 . Data and results of the experiment: Isolation of Casein from Milk. Before autoclaving, the isolate was a white-yellowish solid with smooth texture. After autoclaving, it turned into a brown solution with black precipitate. The filtrate was a yellowish solution. The general principle behind this experiment is that when casein is at its isoelectric point, it is generally at the pH where it is least soluble. As a result, casein precipitates at this PH. To explain further, casein is present in milk as calcium alt, calcium caseinate. It is a mixture of alpha, beta and kappa caseins to form a cluster called micelle. These micelles were responsible for the white opaque appearance of milk. The casein, as proteins, is made up of many hundreds of individual amino acids, each of which may have a positive or a negative charge, depending on the pH of the [milk] system. At some pH value, all the positive charges and all the negative charges on the [casein] protein will be in balance, so that the net charge on the protein will be zero. That pH value is known as the isoelectric point IEP) of the protein and is generally the pH at which the protein is least soluble. For casein, the IEP is approximately 4. and it is the pH value at which acid casein is precipitated. In milk, which has a pH of about 6. 6, the casein micelles have a net negative charge and are quite stable. During the addition of acid to milk, the negative charges on the outer surface of the micelle are neutralized (the phosphate groups are protonated), and the neutral protein precipitates. The same principle applies when milk is fermented to curd. The lactic acid bacillus produces lactic acid as the ajor metaboli c end-product of carbohydrate [lactose in milk] fermentation.